RESUMO Objetivo: Analisar a ocorrência de desigualdade racial e regional na tendência temporal das prevalências de déficit de estatura e excesso de peso de crianças brasileiras menores de cinco anos ao longo dos anos de 2008–2018. Métodos: Estudo ecológico de série temporal com dados do Sistema de Vigilância Alimentar e Nutricional das prevalências de déficit de estatura e excesso de peso em crianças menores de 5 anos de acordo com raça/cor, região e ano. Para avaliar diferenças entre prevalências medianas por ano dos desfechos, realizou-se teste de Kruskal-Wallis. Análises de regressão linear foram propostas para avaliar tendências das prevalências dos desfechos ao longo dos anos. Resultados: No Brasil, as crianças pretas apresentaram tendência de crescimento do excesso de peso (β=4,611; p=0,042). Entre as crianças pretas, houve aumento ao longo dos anos do déficit de estatura no Sudeste (β=3,960; p=0,014) e queda no Sul (β=-4,654; p=0,022). No Brasil e na maioria das regiões, a prevalência mediana do déficit de estatura foi maior nas crianças pretas do que nas brancas (12,86 vs. 11,54%, p<0,001). No Sudeste e Sul, as crianças pretas também apresentaram as maiores prevalências de excesso de peso (15,48 e 15,99%, respectivamente). Conclusão: Crianças de regiões menos desenvolvidas do Brasil e pretas apresentaram maior vulnerabilidade para dupla carga de má nutrição.

ABSTRACT Objective: To analyze the occurrence of racial and regional inequality in the temporal trend of the prevalence of stunting and overweight in Brazilian children under five years of age over the years 2008–2018. Methods: An ecological time-series study with data from the Food and Nutrition Surveillance System on the prevalence of stunting and overweight in children under five years old according to race/skin color, region, and year. To assess differences between median prevalence per year of outcomes, the Kruskal-Wallis test was performed. Linear regression analyses were proposed to assess trends in the prevalence of outcomes over the years. Results: In Brazil, black children tended to be overweight (β=4.611; p=0.042). Among black children, there was an increase over the years in stunting in the Southeast (β=3.960; p=0.014) and a decrease in the South (β=-4.654; p=0.022). In Brazil and in most regions, the median prevalence of stunting was higher in black children than in white ones (12.86 vs. 11.54%, p<0.001). In the Southeast and South, black children also had the highest prevalence of overweight (15.48 and 15.99%, respectively). Conclusion: Children from less developed regions of Brazil and of black skin color/race were more vulnerable to a double burden of malnutrition.

ABSTRACT Objective: To analyze the occurrence of racial and regional inequality in the temporal trend of the prevalence of stunting and overweight in Brazilian children under five years of age over the years 2008–2018. Methods: An ecological time-series study with data from the Food and Nutrition Surveillance System on the prevalence of stunting and overweight in children under five years old according to race/skin color, region, and year. To assess differences between median prevalence per year of outcomes, the Kruskal-Wallis test was performed. Linear regression analyses were proposed to assess trends in the prevalence of outcomes over the years. Results: In Brazil, black children tended to be overweight (β=4.611; p=0.042). Among black children, there was an increase over the years in stunting in the Southeast (β=3.960; p=0.014) and a decrease in the South (β=-4.654; p=0.022). In Brazil and in most regions, the median prevalence of stunting was higher in black children than in white ones (12.86 vs. 11.54%, p<0.001). In the Southeast and South, black children also had the highest prevalence of overweight (15.48 and 15.99%, respectively). Conclusion: Children from less developed regions of Brazil and of black skin color/race were more vulnerable to a double burden of malnutrition.

RESUMO Objetivo: Analisar a ocorrência de desigualdade racial e regional na tendência temporal das prevalências de déficit de estatura e excesso de peso de crianças brasileiras menores de cinco anos ao longo dos anos de 2008–2018. Métodos: Estudo ecológico de série temporal com dados do Sistema de Vigilância Alimentar e Nutricional das prevalências de déficit de estatura e excesso de peso em crianças menores de 5 anos de acordo com raça/cor, região e ano. Para avaliar diferenças entre prevalências medianas por ano dos desfechos, realizou-se teste de Kruskal-Wallis. Análises de regressão linear foram propostas para avaliar tendências das prevalências dos desfechos ao longo dos anos. Resultados: No Brasil, as crianças pretas apresentaram tendência de crescimento do excesso de peso (β=4,611; p=0,042). Entre as crianças pretas, houve aumento ao longo dos anos do déficit de estatura no Sudeste (β=3,960; p=0,014) e queda no Sul (β=-4,654; p=0,022). No Brasil e na maioria das regiões, a prevalência mediana do déficit de estatura foi maior nas crianças pretas do que nas brancas (12,86 vs. 11,54%, p<0,001). No Sudeste e Sul, as crianças pretas também apresentaram as maiores prevalências de excesso de peso (15,48 e 15,99%, respectivamente). Conclusão: Crianças de regiões menos desenvolvidas do Brasil e pretas apresentaram maior vulnerabilidade para dupla carga de má nutrição.

Abstract Background Considering the magnitude of systemic hypertension (SH) and its complications, as well as the importance of regular physical activity in its prevention and/or treatment, there is a necessity to identify the factors associated with insufficient practice of physical activity. Objective To analyze factors associated with insufficient physical activity in hypertensive patients treated at Primary Health Care (PHC). Method This cross-sectional study was performed with a random sample of 305 hypertensive patients in three PHC units in São Luis, state of Maranhão, Brazil. A bivariate analysis was performed with estimates of prevalence ratios and confidence intervals, and multivariate analysis using Poisson regression. Results Insufficient physical activity was observed in 38.7% of the sample. Insufficient physical activity was associated with having <8 years of formal education (prevalence ratio–PR=1.58; 95% confidence interval-CI=1.04–2.39), total cholesterol ≥200 mg/dL (PR=0.78; 95% CI=0.58–1.04), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol-LDL ≥100 mg/dL (PR=0.79; 95% CI=0.53–0.95), and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol-HDL <40 mg/dL among men and <50 mg/dL among women (PR=1.21; 95% CI=0.90–1.64). Length of education <8 years (PR=1.50; 95% CI=0.99–2.29) and LDL ≥100 mg/dL (PR=0.72;95% CI=0.54–0.96) were also associated in the multivariate regression. Conclusion High prevalence of insufficient physical activity and its association with low education level and altered LDL serum levels were observed in hypertensive patients.

Resumo Introdução Considerando-se a magnitude da hipertensão arterial sistêmica e suas complicações, assim como a importância da atividade física regular na sua prevenção e/ou tratamento, é necessário identificar os fatores associados à prática de atividade física insuficiente. Objetivo Analisar os fatores associados à atividade física insuficiente em hipertensos atendidos na atenção primária à saúde. Método Estudo transversal realizado com amostra aleatória de 305 hipertensos em três unidades de saúde de São Luís (MA). Foi realizada análise bivariada, com estimativas de razões de prevalência, intervalos de confiança e análise multivariada por regressão de Poisson. Resultados A atividade física insuficiente foi observada em 38,7% da amostra. Atividade física insuficiente foi associada a menos de 8 anos de educação formal (razão de prevalência - RP = 1,58; intervalo de confiança de 95% - IC = 1,04–2,39), colesterol total ≥200 mg/dL (RP = 0,78; IC 95% = 0,58 -1,04), lipoproteína de baixa densidade colesterol-LDLc ≥100 mg/dL (RP = 0,79; IC 95% = 0,53-0,95) e lipoproteína de alta densidade colesterol-HDLc <40 mg / dL entre homens e <50 mg/dL entre mulheres (RP = 1,21; IC 95% = 0,90-1,64). A escolaridade <8 anos (RP = 1,50; IC 95% = 0,99–2,29) e LDLc ≥100 mg/dL (RP = 0,72; IC 95% = 0,54–0,96) também estiveram associados na regressão multivariada. Conclusão Observou-se alta prevalência de atividade física insuficiente e sua associação com baixa escolaridade e LDLc alterado em hipertensos.

Abstract Background: studies have shown an association between obesity and a reduction in estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). However, little is known regarding whether this association is related to total fat or, more specifically, to central or visceral fat. Objective: this study evaluated the correlations among the nutritional indices that measure total, central and visceral obesity with eGFR. Methods: a cross-sectional study, involving 288 hypertensive patients. Kidney function was estimated by GFR, using the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) and Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration (CKD-EPI) equations. Explanatory variables included body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), waist-hip ratio (WHR), waist stature ratio (WSR), estimated visceral adipose tissue (eVAT) and body fat percentage (BF%). Results: the mean BMI was 27.8 ± 4.7 kg/m². Most of the patients (68.1%) were in the normal range of BF%, but regarding WC and eVAT, they were at very high risk (58.3% and 64.6%, respectively). In men, there were no correlations between nutritional indices and eGFR. In women, only eVAT remained negatively correlated with eGFR, estimated by MDRD and CKD-EPI equations, independent of BMI, smoking, physical inactivity, blood pressure, glycated hemoglobin, LDL and HDL cholesterol, uric acid and microalbuminuria. Conclusions: the majority of obesity indices were not associated with eGFR. Only eVAT was negatively associated with eGFR by MDRD and CKD-EPI equations in hypertensive women. In primary health care, visceral adipose tissue estimation could support the identification of hypertensive women at increased risk for developing chronic kidney disease.

Resumen Antecedentes: los estudios han demostrado una asociación entre la obesidad y una reducción en la tasa de filtración glomerular estimada (eGFR). Sin embargo, poco se sabe sobre si esta asociación está relacionada con la grasa total o, más específicamente, con la grasa central o visceral. Objetivo: este estudio evaluó las correlaciones entre los índices nutricionales que miden la obesidad total, central y visceral con eGFR. Métodos: estudio transversal con 288 pacientes hipertensos. La función renal se estimó mediante TFG, utilizando las ecuaciones de Modificación de la Dieta en la Enfermedad Renal (MDRD) y la Colaboración en Epidemiología de la Enfermedad Renal Crónica (CKD-EPI). Las variables explicativas incluyeron el índice de masa corporal (IMC), la circunferencia de cintura (WC), la relación cintura-cadera (WHR), la proporción cintura-estatura (WSR), el tejido adiposo visceral estimado (eVAT) y el porcentaje de grasa corporal (% BF). Resultados: el IMC medio fue de 27,8 ± 4,7 kg/m². La mayoría de los pacientes (68,1%) se encontraban en el rango normal de BF%, pero en cuanto a WC y eVAT, presentaban un riesgo muy alto (58,3% y 64,6%, respectivamente). En los hombres, no hubo correlaciones entre los índices nutricionales y eGFR. En las mujeres, solo el eVAT permaneció correlacionado negativamente con el eGFR, estimado por las ecuaciones MDRD y CKD-EPI, independiente del IMC, el tabaquismo, la inactividad física, la presión arterial, la hemoglobina glicosilada, el colesterol LDL y HDL, el ácido úrico y la microalbuminuria. Conclusiones: la mayoría de los índices de obesidad no se asociaron con el eGFR. Solo eVAT se asoció negativamente con eGFR por las ecuaciones MDRD y CKD-EPI en mujeres hipertensas. En la Atención Primaria, la estimación del tejido adiposo visceral podría apoyar la identificación de las mujeres hipertensas con mayor riesgo de desarrollar enfermedad renal crónica.

Introduction: Among the non-pharmacologic measures for the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular diseases (CVD), which are the first cause of death worldwide, the adequate intake of dietary fibers (DF) has shown an important role. Objective: To evaluate the association between the intake of DF and the cardio-metabolic risk factors in individuals on a secondary prevention for CVD. Methods: Transversal study with basal data of the study's DICA Br participants belonging to collaborative centers in the states of Maranhão (MA), Bahia (BA) and Rio de Janeiro (RJ). Sociodemographic and clinical data were used, as well as the daily intake of DF in individuals of both sexes, with age ≥ 45 years and manifest evidence of arteriosclerosis. The association between the intake of dietary fibers and the cardio-metabolic risk factors was obtained through Poisson's regression model. Results: With 141 evaluated individuals, high frequency of non-appropriateness of DF intake was observed. The participants in the centers of RJ (PR = 0.63; CI 95% = 0.49-0.80) and BA (PR = 0.79; CI 95% = 0.66-0.95), former smokers (PR = 0.59; CI 95% = 0.45-0.78) and non-smokers (PR = 0.62; CI 95% = 0.66-0.95) had fewer chances of having non appropriate intake of DF. On the other hand, overweight individuals showed 28.0% more chances of non-appropriate intake of DF. Conclusion: Results showed that the majority of the observed population presented non-appropriate intake of DF and that this low intake was significantly associated with overweight, smoking and location of the collaborative center.

Introducción: entre las medidas no farmacológicas para la prevención y el tratamiento de enfermedades cardiovasculares (ECV), que representan la principal causa de muerte en el mundo, la ingesta adecuada de fibra dietética (FD) ha mostrado desempeñar un papel importante. Objetivo: evaluar la asociación entre el consumo de FD y los factores de riesgo cardiometabólico en pacientes en prevención secundaria de ECV. Métodos: estudio transversal con datos de referencia de los participantes en el estudio DICA Br pertenecientes a los centros examinadores en los estados de Maranhão (MA), Bahía (BA) y Río de Janeiro (RJ). Se utilizaron medidas sociodemográficas, clínicas, conductuales, antropométricas y el consumo diario de FD de individuos de ambos sexos, con edades ≥ 45 años y manifiesta evidencia de aterosclerosis. La asociación entre en el consumo de FD y los factores de riesgo cardiometabólico se obtuvo por el modelo de regresión de Poisson. Resultados: fueron evaluados 141 sujetos y se observó alta frecuencia de consumo insuficiente de FA. Los participantes de los centros de RJ (RP = 0,63; IC 95% = 0,49-0,80), BA (RP = 0,79; IC 95%: 0,66-0,95), los ex fumadores (RP = 0,59; IC 95% = 0,78-0,45) y los no fumadores (OR = 0,62; IC 95%: 0,66-0,95) eran menos propensos a tener un consumo insuficiente FD. Las personas con sobrepeso mostraron un 28,0% más de probabilidades de tener una ingesta inadecuada de FD. Conclusión: los resultados indicaron que la mayoría de la población observada presentaba una ingesta inadecuada de FD y que el consumo bajo se asoció significativamente con el sobrepeso, el tabaquismo y el centro de desarrollo.